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The Cholas and the Western Chalukyas
engaged in frequent wars during the 12th century, known as the Chola-Chalukya
Wars. The Western Chalukyas, also known as the Kalyani Chalukyas, were a
powerful dynasty that ruled over a kingdom in the present-day state of
Karnataka. The Cholas and the Western Chalukyas had conflicts over territorial
expansion and dominance in the region. While the Cholas were successful in some
campaigns, they also faced significant setbacks and losses against the Western
Chalukyas during this period.
The Pandyas, who were another prominent
dynasty in South India, also clashed with the Cholas in the 12th century. The
Pandyas ruled over a kingdom in the present-day state of Tamil Nadu and were
known for their maritime trade and naval strength. The Cholas and the Pandyas
had a history of rivalry, and in the 12th century, the Pandyas were able to
defeat the Cholas in some battles and assert their dominance in the region. The
year 1279 CE marked the end of the Chola Dynasty. Rajendra Chola III was the
last ruler of the Chola Dynasty. He ruled between the period 1246 to 1279 AD. The
last Chola king, Rajendra Chola III, was defeated by Maravarman Kulasekara
Pandyan I. And with this, the Pandya’s established their rule in present-day
Tamil Nadu. This is the end oldest ruling dynasty in South India.
It's worth noticing that the history of
this period is complex and often based on fragmented historical records, and
there may be different elucidations and disputes among historians about the
specifics of these conflicts.
Chopra, P. N.; Ravindran, T. K.; Subrahmanian,
N. (2003), History of South India: Ancient, Medieval and Modern, S. Chand
& Company Ltd, ISBN 978-81-219-0153-6